Why is game theory important to AI?
Introduction
Mathematical game theory
is used to simulate how different players will interact strategically in a
setting with predetermined rules and consequences.
Different areas of artificial intelligence can benefit
from the application of game theory:
- Multi-agent AI systems.
- Imitation and Reinforcement Learning.
- Adversary training in Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs).
In addition, machinelearning models and many situations in daily life can be described using game
theory.
A two-person game in
which one player challenges the other to locate the best hyper-plane providing
him the most tough points to classify can be used to teach a classification
technique like SVM (Support Vector Machines). The outcome of the game will then
condense into a trade-off between the two players' strategic prowess (eg. how
well the fist player was challenging the second one to classify difficult data
points and how good was the second player to identify the best decision
boundary).
Game Theory
Game Theory can be
divided into 5 main types of games:
- Cooperative vs Non-Cooperative
Games: Participants in cooperative games might form alliances
to increase their chances of winning (eg. negotiations). Instead of forming
alliances, players cannot do so in non-cooperative games (eg. wars).
- Symmetric vs Asymmetric
Games: All players in a symmetric game have identical
objectives, hence the winner will be determined only by the strategies they
employ to reach those objectives (eg. chess). Instead, in a symmetric games,
players have opposing or discordant objectives.
- Perfect vs Imperfect
Information Games: In games with perfect information,
everyone can see what the other players are doing (eg. chess). Instead, the
actions of other players are concealed in games with imperfect information (eg.
card games).
- Simultaneous vs
Sequential Games: The different players can operate
simultaneously in simultaneous games. Instead, in sequential games, every
player is informed of the previous deeds of every other player (eg. board
games).
- Zero-Sum vs Non-Zero Sum
Games: In games with zero sums, if one player earns
something, the other players lose. Instead, many players might profit from one
another's gains in non-zero sum games.
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